Brake Cable

The most often used brake cable for bicycles is called the Bowden Cable. This brake cable consists of a hollow cable usually made of plastic and an inner cable made of stainless steel. When the brake lever is pulled, the inner wire is pulled with it and in turn, pulls on the actual brake on the wheel. Separate brake cables are used for each brake lever which connect to their assigned wheel.

Although the actual inventor of the Bowden Cable is subject to discussion, it is most popularly attributed to Sir Frank Bowden, who found and owned Raleigh Bicycle Company.

Bicycle Components

This pic came from Merriam Webster. It shows the components of a bicycle. The main parts of a bicycle are the frame, handlebar, seat, tires, pedal and chain. The picture shows these in detail.

Here's the list in alphabetical order:
Brake Lever
Carrier
Chain Stay
Crossbar
Downtube
Drive Chain
Fender
Front Brake
Front Derailleur
Fork
Generator
Handlebars
Head Tube
Headlight
Hub
Pedal
Rear Brake
Rear Derailleur
Rear Light
Reflector
Rim
Seat
Seat Post
Seat Stay
Seat Tube
Shifter
Spoke
Stem
Tire
Tire Pump
Tire Valve
Toe Clip
Water Bottle
Water Bottle Clip